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A Phase I, Open-Label, Dose Confirmation, Escalation, and Expansion Trial of BI 1810631 as Monotherapy in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors With HER2 Aberrations
Address for correspondence: John Heymach, MD, PhD, Department of Thoracic-Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030.
BI 1810631 is a human HER2-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor that covalently binds to both wild-type and mutated HER2 receptors, including exon 20 insertion mutations, whilst sparing EGFR signaling. This phase Ia/Ib, open-label, non-randomized study will determine the safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of BI 1810631 in patients with HER2 aberration-positive solid tumors (NCT04886804).
Patients and Methods
In phase Ia, patients with histologically/cytologically confirmed HER2 aberration-positive advanced/metastatic solid tumors will receive BI 1810631 orally twice daily (BID) or once daily (QD) at escalating doses. Starting dose level is 15 mg BID; QD schedule will begin after one dose level above estimated therapeutic dose of BI 1810631 is determined safe by the Dose Escalation Committee. Dose escalation will continue until MTD/recommended phase II dose and preferred phase Ib schedule for each schedule is determined. In phase Ib, patients with HER2 tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have previously received ≥1 line of systemic therapy will be enrolled initially, with possible inclusion of additional NSCLC cohorts in the future, including untreated patients. The primary endpoints will be MTD based on number of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs)/number of patients with DLTs (phase Ia) and objective response (phase Ib). Secondary endpoints include PK parameters (phase Ia/Ib); duration of response, disease control, duration of disease control, and progression-free survival (phase Ib).
Conclusions
BI 1810631 could be an effective and tolerable EGFR-sparing oral treatment for patients with HER2 mutation-positive NSCLC, including exon 20 insertion mutations.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is established as an important proto-oncogene that has been targeted successfully in both breast and gastroesophageal cancers with HER2 overexpression and gene amplification.
HER2 oncogenic activation can also result from somatic gene mutations, which may be independent of HER2 gene amplification. HER2-activating mutations have been identified in a wide variety of solid tumors, including 2% to 4% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors.
BI 1810631 is a member of a group of novel, EGFR wild type-sparing, HER2-selective TKIs under investigation as an oral treatment for NSCLC tumors harboring HER2 tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutations, including exon 20 insertion mutations.
By selectively and covalently binding to the TKD of mutated HER2 receptors (including exon 20 insertions), BI 1810631 blocks aberrant downstream signaling while sparing wild-type EGFR signaling (Figure 1). Preclinical data suggest this group of inhibitors has good tolerability and efficacy, inhibiting TKD mutations, including exon 20 insertions.
Figure 1Mechanism of action of BI 1810631. BI 1810631 is a HER2-selective TKI that covalently binds to the TKD of HER2, blocking downstream signaling from HER2 homodimers and heterodimers, including those that harbor HER2 mutations, including exon 20 insertions. BI 1810631 spares wild-type EGFR signaling. Abbreviations: EGFR (ErbB1) = epidermal growth factor receptor; ErbB3 (HER3) = human epidermal growth factor receptor 3; HER2 (ErbB2) = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; TKD = tyrosine kinase domain; WT = wild-type.
The purpose of phase Ia of this first-in-human study is to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and explore the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and preliminary efficacy of orally administered BI 1810631 monotherapy in patients with HER2 aberration-positive advanced solid tumors. Phase Ib will assess the efficacy and safety of the RP2D in patients with HER2 TKD mutation-positive, pre-treated NSCLC.
Methods
Study Design
This is a phase I, open-label, non-randomized, multicenter trial of BI 1810631 monotherapy (NCT04886804). The trial consists of 2 parts: dose escalation (phase Ia), and dose expansion (phase Ib; Figure 2). In phase Ia, consecutive cohorts of patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors harboring any HER2 aberration will receive escalating doses of BI 1810631 monotherapy, administered orally, once (QD) or twice daily (BID). At the end of phase Ia, the MTD and/or RP2D will be defined for each of the schedules, and a preferred schedule for phase Ib will be selected. The phase Ib part will initially enroll 30 patients with HER2 TKD mutation-positive, pre-treated NSCLC into Cohort 1, including those with exon 20 insertions. As phase Ib proceeds, additional cohorts may be opened, including a cohort of patients without prior treatment. A Dose Escalation Committee (DEC) will be established to ensure patient safety and will: monitor the safety data on an ongoing basis; make decisions regarding the MTD and/or RP2D, and the necessity of trial plan modifications, in case of emerging safety issues.
Patients considered for phase Ia of the study will be those with a histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of HER2 aberration-positive advanced, unresectable and/or metastatic solid tumors refractory to standard therapy for the tumor type, or not suitable for standard therapy. HER2 aberrations are defined as overexpression (2+ or 3+ by immunohistochemistry), gene amplification, non-synonymous somatic mutation, or a gene rearrangement involving HER2 or neuregulin 1 (NRG1). Patients will also have exhausted treatment options known to prolong survival for their tumor type, or not be a suitable candidate for those options.
Other key eligibility criteria include: age ≥18 years; measurable or evaluable lesions as measured by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 0 or 1; availability and patient willingness to provide a tumor sample for HER2 status confirmation; patient willingness to provide fresh tumor biopsies prior to treatment and during cycle 1 for PD/PK assessments of BI 1810631 (brain metastases will not be biopsied); adequate organ function; life expectancy of ≥12 weeks at the start of treatment in the opinion of the investigator; recovered from any previous therapy-related toxicity to at least Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 1 (grade ≤2 for alopecia, stable sensory neuropathy, and hypothyroidism) at start of treatment; written informed consent. Patients with stable/asymptomatic brain metastasis will be allowed.
Additional Criteria for Phase Ib
Patients with documented HER2 TKD mutation-positive NSCLC, including exon 20 insertions, who had received ≥1 line of platinum-based combination chemotherapy in the advanced/metastatic setting. Those patients with additional genomic aberrations for which approved targeted therapy is available must have received prior treatment with an approved targeted therapy.
BI 1810631 Starting Dose and Treatment Schedule
The starting dose level for BI 1810631 in phase Ia is 15 mg BID orally; successive cohorts will receive increasing doses until at least one dose level above the estimated therapeutic dose of BI 1810631 is reached, if allowed by the Bayesian Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) used for dose determination. Once this occurs, recruitment for the QD schedule will be opened, with the expected starting dose being 60 mg. The planned dose for phase Ib is the RP2D determined in phase Ia, with the dosing schedule determined by the DEC using all of the data from phase Ia.
Study Endpoints
Phase Ia Dose Escalation
The primary endpoints for phase Ia are: to determine the MTD, defined as the highest dose with <25% risk of the true dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) rate being ≥33% during the MTD evaluation period (cycle 1) for any studied regimen; the number of patients with DLTs in the MTD evaluation period. Secondary endpoints are: the number of patients with DLTs in the entire treatment period; BI 1810631 PK parameters on Days 1 and 15. The maximum measured concentration of BI 1810631 in plasma (Cmax) and the area under the concentration-time curve of BI 1810631 in plasma (AUC0-t2) will be measured, if feasible.
Phase Ib Dose Expansion
The primary endpoint for phase Ib is objective response. Secondary endpoints are: duration of objective response; disease control rate and duration of disease control; progression-free survival; the number of patients with DLTs in the entire treatment period; BI 1810631 PK parameters (Cmax, AUC0-t2) on Days 1 and 15.
Study Assessments and Statistical Analysis
Assessment of efficacy will be performed via imaging tests. Non-brain tumor response will be evaluated according to RECIST Version 1.1. Brain tumor response will be evaluated using Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria for brain metastases. Assessment of safety will include reporting of adverse events (AEs) and documenting the occurrence of DLTs. The PK profile of BI 1810631 will be determined after the first dose and following repeated dosing.
Dose escalation and determination of the MTD will be guided by a 3-parameter BLRM with overdose control.
Discussion
Effective targeted therapy against HER2 mutations is an unmet need in solid tumors, particularly in NSCLC with HER2 mutations. BI 1810631 is an orally administered, EGFR-sparing, selective inhibitor of the HER2 receptor with activity against HER2 TKD mutations, including exon 20 insertions. Structurally similar agents have shown positive results in preclinical investigations.
The ongoing study described herein will provide first-in-human data on BI 1810631.
HER2-targeted therapies are currently lacking; however, investigations into several agents are ongoing. These include trials of the HER2 antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan,
These agents have been associated with response rates of 55%, 27% to 28%, and 19%, respectively, in patients with HER2 mutation-positive NSCLC following chemotherapy. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to trastuzumab deruxtecan for adult patients with unresectable or metastatic NSCLC whose tumors have activating HER2 mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and who have received a prior systemic therapy.
Patients previously treated with trastuzumab deruxtecan are eligible for this trial. Despite these developments, high-rates of dose reductions with poziotinib,
the need for a broad armamentarium of potential therapeutic options to account the heterogeneity of HER2 aberrations, options for brain metastases, and the potential for combination regimens in the future, necessitate the development of orally available small molecule therapeutics in this area of unmet need.
Conclusions
This study will determine the MTD and RP2D of BI 1810631 monotherapy in patients with solid tumors harboring HER2 aberrations. The expansion cohort will provide data on the preliminary efficacy of BI 1810631 monotherapy in patients with NSCLC and HER2 TKD mutations, including exon 20 insertions, a group for which there is a significant unmet need for efficacious and tolerable therapies.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
The authors meet criteria for authorship as recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). John Heymach: Investigation, Writing - review & editing; Frans Opdam: Writing - review & editing; Minal Barve: Investigation, Supervision, Project administration, Writing - review & editing; Neil Gibson: Supervision, Project administration, Writing - review & editing; Behbood Sadrolhefazi: Writing - review & editing; Josep Serra: Project administration, Writing - review & editing; Noboru Yamamoto: Investigation, Writing - review & editing. All authors provided final approval of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
Medical writing support for the development of this manuscript, under the direction of the authors, was provided by Lynn Pritchard, of Ashfield MedComms, an Inizio Company, and funded by Boehringer Ingelheim. The study was sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim. Authors did not receive payment related to the development of the manuscript.
Disclosure
John Heymach reports the receipt of advisory/consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Kairos Venture Investments, BrightPathTherapeutics, Hengrui Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Foundation One Medicine, Spectrum, AstraZeneca; receipt of research funding from NIH/NCI, American Cancer Society, Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Spectrum; and royalties and patents from Spectrum. Neil Gibson, Behbood Sadrolhefazi and Josep Serra are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim. Noboru Yamamoto reports the receipt of research grants as a Principal Investigator from Astellas, Chugai, Eisai, Taiho, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Novartis, Eli Lilly, AbbVie, Daiichi-Sankyo, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Kyowa-Hakko Kirin, Takeda, ONO, Janssen Pharma, MSD, MERCK, GSK, Sumitomo Dainippon, Chiome Bioscience, Otsuka, Carna Biosciences, Genmab; an advisory role with Eisai, Takeda, Otsuka, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cimic, Chugai; honoraria as a speakers from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, ONO, Chugai, Sysmex, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai. Frans Opdam and Minal Barve report no conflicts of interest.
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